Design a Monitoring and Control in Irrigation Systems using Arduino Wemos with the Internet of Things

Irrigation door is a big issue for farmers. The factor that became a hot issue at the irrigation gate was the irresponsible attitude of the irrigation staff regarding the schedule of opening/closing the irrigation door so that it caused the rice fields to becoming dry or submerged. In this research, an automatic prototype system for irrigation system will be designed based on integrating several sensors, including water level sensors, soil moisture sensors, acidity sensors. This sensor output will be displayed on Android-based applications. The integration of communication between devices (Arduino Nano, Arduino Wemos and sensors supporting the irrigation system) is the working principle of this prototype. This device will control via an Android-based application to turn on / off the water pump, to open/close the irrigation door, check soil moisture, soil acidity in real time. The pump will automatically turn on based on the water level. This condition will be active if the water level is below 3cm above ground level. The output value will be displayed on the Android-based application screen and LCD screen. Based on the results of testing and analysis of the prototype that has been done in this research, the irrigation door will open automatically when the soil is dry. This condition occurs if the water level is less than 3 cm. The calibrated Output value, including acidity sensor, soil moisture sensor and water level sensor, will be sent to the server every 5 seconds and forwarded to an Android-based application as an output display. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license


INTRODUCTION
An irrigation gate is one of the main factors regulating water discharge in an area by looking at current conditions where weather conditions are unpredictable [1] [2]. For example, sometimes rain and wind storms quickly and simultaneously, resulting in increased water discharge in the river. Therefore, it is very important to have a water gate that can open, regulate and close the flow of water that can work at any time quickly with the movement of opening, regulating and closing itself automatically. So, the water flow in the area can be controlled [2] [3].
Irrigation is an effort to bring in water by designing irrigation canals to go to the fields or fields regularly and disposing of water that is no longer needed [4,5,6]. Rice fields/gardens need water flow, and water flow is obtained from river water flow or irrigation channel flow. If we use river water flow during the dry season, we will face dry river water flow and cause rice fields/gardens to fail to harvest. Then in the rainy season, the river water flow will be swift and cause rice fields/gardens to be submerged [7,8,9,10].
The current condition is the use of floodgates in irrigation channels. The problem that often arises is the irrigation officer negligent in opening or closing the irrigation door, causing the rice fields/gardens to be submerged or drought.
This research designed a prototype monitoring and control systems of irrigation. The working concept of this prototype is to measure the value of the soil acidity sensor, measure the value of the soil moisture sensor and measure the value of the water level sensor, which is then sent to Arduino nano and passed to Arduino Wemos. On Arduino Wemos, there will be an exchange of data to the webserver. The output of this prototype is to display information to the Screen of Android Smartphones and LCD. The Android-based application designed in this research has a function to monitor and control the status of irrigation floodgates that can be opened and closed through Android-based applications.

METHOD
Prior research is collecting journal reference data for research material for researchers to facilitate the research. The novelty in this research is to connect the control system and irrigation door monitoring system using the android smartphone feature using wireless sensor network method and connected in the internet network to generate a real time display and control automatically. Other features can monitor soil moisture value, soil acidity value, and groundwater level. the entire system can be displayed on Android smartphone screens, LCD screens, and website screens

Research on Smart Irrigation: State of The Art
Arduino is a microcontroller device containing hardware and software in the form of a physical computing platform that is open-source on an interactive and straightforward I/O board so that the output can detect and respond to situations in real conditions [11] [12].
Monitoring and controlling the internet-based irrigation system uses water level sensors, soil moisture sensors and soil acidity sensors. The goal to be achieved that a result sensor output value that has been calibrated and displayed in an LCDs. However, this design also still uses LCDs as output outputs to monitor and control the irrigation system based on the internet of things. Table 1 shows the results of a literature review that focuses on controlling the irrigation system so that the output produced can run automatically and can be controlled using the Internet of Things method [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Conventional irrigation systems that are still found in Indonesia cause a lack of efficiency and effectiveness of farmers in controlling and monitoring irrigation systems on plants that they have planted to overcome this. This research is designed to design a system that can utilize science and technology that facilitates work for the farmers.

Method
The proposed method is the design of an irrigation system based on: scheduling, weather forecasts, plant conditions, soil moisture, and plant height. And the output of the system will be connected to the Arduino microcontroller and connected to the internet network.

Result
The Rice is a type of plant that is spread in tropical and subtropical regions. Get a good rice yield is determined by several factors, including attention to soil conditions, water level, soil moisture, and light intensity.

Method
The method proposed in this research is the use of Raspberry Pi, Arduino and its supporting sensors to monitor soil moisture, air humidity, light intensity, water level.

Result
The

Kumar et al., (2017). Implementation of IoT in Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino Processor [15] Problem
The Internet of Things to irrigation systems is necessary to display all information received from various sensors and parameters given to Arduino as a microcontroller.

Method
The method proposed in this research is the present value of the soil moisture sensor determined by the microcontroller to be a limiter.

Result
The result of this research is that this prototype successfully transmits information to the internet via the IoT network in the form of an installed ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. This results in an automatic irrigation system because the water pump can be turned on or off through information provided to the controller.

Mutiara et al., Prototype of Control and Automation of Irrigation System for the Paddy Fields [16] Problem
The problem in this research is the implementation of tangible forms of rice fields to minimize the difficulties experienced by farmers and provide results of monitoring rice field processing.

Method
The proposed method is to design a water level automation system with SMS notifications and scheduling automation for water exchange.

Result
The results of this research are that the system succeeded in detecting the soil's acidity with acidity sensors, controlling liquid fertilizer by sending an SMS and providing output data on the LCD.

Rahmat & Hizriadi, Implementation of Real Time Monitoring of Agricultural Land in Rice Plants Using Smart Sensors [17] Problem
The use of manual systems to determine the environmental conditions of rice plants compared to the current control system is less efficient. Therefore, we need a system that can monitor rice plants in real time.

Method
The method proposed in this research is to monitor changes in air humidity, temperature, soil acidity, soil moisture and light intensity.

Result
The results of this research are the output of each sensor will be stored in a database, and farmers will receive notification of monitoring of agricultural land in the form of an SMS Gateway.

Problem
The prototype design of the soil acidity control system on onion plants using the Arduino Uno microcontroller module and the E201-C sensor. The E201-C sensor can detect soil acidity, and the output of the E201-C sensor will be processed in a microcontroller which is then displayed on the LCD.

Method
The method proposed in this research is an on / off control system using two relays at two mini water pumps.

Result
This One significant factor in increasing agricultural production is the irrigation system. Unfortunately, the irrigation system is a problem for every farmer who cannot inspect and control the irrigation system.

Method
The method proposed in this research is WSN technology to control and inspect irrigation systems.

Result
The result of this research is that this irrigation system has successfully combined a wireless sensor network making it easier for farmers to check and control This research aims to design an irrigation control system using Wemos D1 ESP8266 to irrigate fields remotely in real time aimed at increasing the effectiveness of farmers' work and facilitating the work of farmers.

Method
The method proposed in this research is the use of an Android application that is connected to the node controller via the APY key of web hosting.

Result
The results of this research are successful system testing with normal functional connectivity Specification Sensor Architecture

Microcontroller Result Model
Water Level Sensor

Raharja, Zamzami, Fransiska, & Janardana, Smart Arduino Based Irrigation as Subak Water Control to Maintain Food Security [21] Problem
The problem that occurs in the irrigation system is opening and closing the irrigation door to the paddy field not according to the time given by the customary leader. Besides, during the dry season the water distribution is sometimes uneven because water availability in the dam does not meet the needs.

Method
The method proposed in this research is to design Arduino-based smart irrigation to facilitate the management of Subak water distribution.

Result
This research shows that this system successfully programmed the RTC module and the monitoring system uses the GSM SIM900 module.

(2017). Intelligent IoT based automated irrigation system [22] Problem
There have been many studies concerning the automation of irrigation systems using wireless sensors and mobile computing. So that in this research the application of machine learning in the agricultural system is also called the M2M (Machine to Machine) system.

Method
The proposed method is the development KNN (K-Nearest Neighbour) classification machine learning algorithm to analyse sensor prediction data towards watering the soil with water.

Result
The result of this research is that the device successfully applied intelligence in irrigation by developing embedded devices such as Arduino Uno, and

Material
Android-based application tasked to open or close the irrigation door with a command script has been designed in the form of a pump button on and a pump button off. Figure 1 shows a flowchart of this system working. It starts from the reading of the water level sensor, soil moisture sensor and soil acidity sensor. Then the data is processed by a microcontroller. If the output is read, the output data will be sent to the database and displayed in an Androidbased application. Figure 2 shows the results of a prototype assembled and equipped by Arduino Uno to read the values of the water level sensor, soil moisture sensor and acidity sensor. This prototype has been equipped with several supporting sensors, including water level sensors, soil moisture sensors, and soil acidity sensors. The output of these three sensors will be displayed to Android-based applications. The way this prototype works starts when the water level sensor detects the water level close to the ground (<3cm), then the door of the irrigation flow will open, so the water runs through the prototype container. This prototype has been equipped with an Android-based application to monitor and control the rice field irrigation system. Arduino Wemos functions as a microcontroller sending data from Arduino nano to the server to display the output to an Android-based application. Figure 3 shows a block diagram system with a 3-input sensor, including a soil moisture sensor that functions to detect soil moisture, an acidity sensor that detects acidity in the soil, and a water level sensor that measures water level above the ground. The Arduino Nano microcontroller will process the output of the three sensors until the output is sent to Arduino Wemos. Finally, a decision will be made to open the irrigation gate. Figure 4 shows an Android-based application design that functions to carry out water level monitoring and control. In addition, this Android-based application has a statistical data feature in the form of a sensor output change table that has been adjusted to the data entered into the database. L Figure 5 shows the results of the calibration test for the accuracy of the soil moisture sensor. This sample aims to produce a precise and comparative output value between the soil moisture sensor embedded in the prototype and the Three-Way Meter.  Table 2 shows the comparison of the output of the soil moisture sensor with the Three-Way Meter so that it produces dry or moist conditions. In Table 2, it can be analyzed that the soil moisture sensor has been calibrated. The following conversion formula (Equation 1) is used for soil moisture values obtained from the serial monitor.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil Moisture Sensor Testing
(1) Figure 6 shows the results of the calibration test for the accuracy of the soil acidity sensor. This sample aims to produce a precise and comparative output value between the acidity soil sensor that has been embedded in the prototype and the Three-Way Meter.

Soil Acidity Sensor Testing
(a) Soil acidity testing (b) Serial Monitor (c) Three-way Meter Figure 6. Soil acidity testing Table 3 shows the comparison of the outputs of the soil acidity sensor with the Three-Way Meter to produce acid or alkaline conditions. In Table 3, it can be analyzed that the soil acidity sensor has been calibrated. The following conversion formula (Equation 2) is used for soil acidity values obtained from serial monitors. (2) Figure 7 shows the results of the calibration test for the accuracy of the water level sensor. This sample aims to produce a precise and comparative output value between the water level sensor that has been embedded in the prototype and a ruler.

Water Level Sensor Testing
(a) Water level sensor testing via serial monitor (b) Measurement using a ruler Figure 7. Water level sensor sampling Table 4 shows the comparison of the output of the ground level sensor with a ruler so that it produces water level above the ground. In Table 4, it can be analyzed that the water level sensor has been calibrated.

Water Pump Testing
In Table 5, it can be analyzed that the output voltage value when the water pump is on/off. In Table 5, it can be analyzed that the condition of the pump turns on when the voltage is 3.61 Volts and when it turns off at 1.29 Volts.

Internet-Based System Analysis of Things
The things tested and analyzed from the designed prototype are divided into manual and automatic modes. The manual mode that has been tested and analyzed is opening/closing the irrigation door to turn the water pump on/off against the android application system created. The application can perform the command to turn off or turn on the pump in the "pump controlling" menu shown in Figure 8.
The auto mode that has been tested and analyzed that when the soil moisture sensor is above the 800, then the irrigation door will open automatically. Conversely, if the sensor value is below 800, the irrigation door will automatically be closed, as shown in The next test was retrieving soil equality sensor values from the database on January 6, 2021, from 5:00 pm to 5:57 pm. This test shows the movement of the value change from the acidity sensor shown in Figure 10. The thing that can be analyzed is that the soil acidity sensor has successfully read the change in status from acidic condition to alkaline condition or vice versa.
Then the test conducted is the retrieval of soil moisture sensor values from the database on January 6, 2021, from 17:00 to 17:57. This test shows the movement of the value change from the soil moisture sensor shown in Figure 11. The thing that can be analyzed is that the soil moisture sensor has successfully read the status change from dry, humid and wet conditions.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of experiments that have been carried out, there are some conclusions. The first is the design of a monitoring and controlling system for irrigation of rice fields connected with Android was successfully made. The system can send sensor value data to the database which is forwarded to the application every 5 seconds. The second is the application's design, which serves to provide information and status of the sensor value is successfully made. For acid levels at levels 7 through 2, for alkaline levels at level 8, for dry levels at levels 1 through 3, for humid levels at levels 4 through 7, for wet levels at levels 8 through 10. At the time of the pump, work 3.61 volts, when the pump is not working 1.29 volts. The third is based on the results of the analysis and testing that have been carried out in this research, and the irrigation door will open when the soil is dry, marked with a value of less than 3 cm water level and control through the application.